Angaben zur Quelle [Bearbeiten]
| Autor | Elizabeth Goenawan Ananto |
| Titel | The Development of Public Relations in Indonesia |
| Sammlung | Public Relations in Asia: An Anthology |
| Herausgeber | Krishnamurthy Sriramesh |
| Ort | Singapore |
| Verlag | Thomson Learning |
| Jahr | 2004 |
| Seiten | 261-282 |
Literaturverz. |
yes |
| Fußnoten | yes |
| Fragmente | 8 |
| [1.] Dsi/Fragment 039 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2022-12-29 20:56:00 Schumann | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 39, Zeilen: 1 ff. (entire page) |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 279, Zeilen: 12 ff. |
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| [During the era of liberalism of the 1950s, the PWI] enjoyed considerable freedom. It even tried to attain political power in 1960. Between 1966 and 1969, Indonesian journalists enjoyed editorial freedom, but from the 1970s the PWI came under government watch until 1996. The rise of idealists such as Gunawan Mohammad and Surya Paloh (journalists) and poet W.S. Rendra helped as catalysts for more editorial freedom in Indonesia. During the Soeharto era, there was no respect for public opinion, which had a great impact on the public relations profession. For over 50 years, public relations had been limited to one-way information flow, particularly by the government since the day of its conception. It was in 1998, when the era of reform began, that the PWI became an independent institution, and it began to develop its professionalism beginning in 1999 when freedom of speech and expression came to be legally protected (Ananto, 2004).
There are approximately 20,000 Indonesian journalists, about 2,000 of whom are members of the PWI. Typically, non-PWI members lack an understanding of national unity and are deficient in legal and ethical knowledge and conduct. Tough competition with the foreign press has resulted in some undesirable behavior among journalists. Because of their limited knowledge of the culture and social background of Indonesians, members of the foreign press tend to expose what is happening at a certain moment without contextualizing it and explaining why it happened (Ananto, 2004). Normatively, the main function of the Indonesian press is to disseminate information, educate, entertain, and help maintain social control, according to the Code of Ethics of Indonesian Journalists (Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, 2003). Particularly, in the last decade, the Indonesian media have been in a period of transition because of an open sky policy, infusion of foreign capital, increased demand for transparency, and [demand to help protect human rights.] Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (2003). About PWI. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.pwi.or.id/static.php?lang=en&artikel_id=&target=about |
During the era of liberalism of the 1950s, the PWI enjoyed considerable freedom. It even tried to attain political power in 1960. Between 1966 and 1969, Indonesian journalists enjoyed editorial freedom, but from the 1970s the PWI came under government watch until 1996. The rise of idealists such as Gunawan Mohammad and Surya Paloh (journalists) and poet W. S. Renda [sic] helped as catalysts for more editorial freedom in Indonesia. During the Soeharto era there was no respect for public opinion, which had a great impact on the public relations profession. For over fifty years, public relations had been limited to one-way information flow, particularly by the government since the day of its conception. It was in 1998 when the era of reform began that the PWI became an independent institution, and it began to develop its professionalism beginning in 1999 when freedom of speech and expression came to be legally protected.
There are approximately 20,000 Indonesian journalists, about 2,000 of whom are members of the PWI. Typically, non-PWI members lack an understanding of national unity and are deficient in legal and ethical knowledge and conduct. Tough competition with the foreign press has resulted in some undesirable behaviour among journalists. Because of their limited knowledge of the culture and social background of Indonesians, members of the foreign press tend to expose what is happening at a certain moment without contextualizing it and explaining why it happened. The main function of the Indonesian press is to disseminate information, educate, entertain, and help attain social control, according to the Code of Ethics of Indonesian journalists. Particularly in the last decade, the Indonesian media have been in a period of transition because of an open sky policy, infusion of foreign capital, increased demand for transparency, and demand to help protect human rights. |
The source is given, but the extent of the word-for-word copying is not indicated. |
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| [2.] Dsi/Fragment 040 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-06-27 19:04:07 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 40, Zeilen: 1-7, 15-20 |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 279, 280, Zeilen: 279: last paragraph; 280: 1 ff. |
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| [Particularly, in the last decade, the Indonesian media have been in a period of transition because of an open sky policy, infusion of foreign capital, increased demand for transparency, and] demand to help protect human rights. Today, Indonesia has some 2,000 print media and 11 TV stations, as well as some 12,000 radio stations that are predominantly owned by the private sector (Ananto, 2004).
Supposedly, the media are instrumental in encouraging public discussions of social issues. The media must also offer a neutral arena for expressing balanced public opinion on various controversial social issues. The media become an objective means of disseminating information (Ishadi, 2000). [...] Yet, to some journalists and observers, public relations is no more than a capitalist way of doing business, often sacrificing social responsibilities. Public relations is often perceived as a tool to promote organizational products or services rather than to create harmonious relationships between organizations and their publics. Public relations is a synonym for image building, regardless of whether a corporation is doing business the right way. Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. Ishadi, S. (2002). Perlawanan jurnalis TV making [sic] meningkat. Suara Pembaruan. September 29, 2002. |
[page 279]
Particularly in the last decade, the Indonesian media have been in a period of transition because of an open sky policy, infusion of foreign capital, increased demand for transparency, and demand to help protect human rights. Today, Indonesia has some [page 280] 2,000 print media and 11 TV stations, as well as some 12,000 radio stations that are predominantly owned by the private sector. The media are instrumental in encouraging public discussions of social issues. The media must also offer a neutral arena for expressing balanced public opinion on various controversial social issues. The media become an objective means of disseminating information (Ishadi, 2000). Yet, to some journalists and observers, public relations is no more than a capitalist way of doing business, often sacrificing social responsibilities. Public relations is often perceived as a tool to promote organizational products or services rather than to create harmonious relationships between organizations and their publics. Public relations is a synonym for image building regardless of whether a corporation is doing business the right way or not. Ishadi, S.K. (2002a). Perlawanan Jurnalis TV Makin Meningkat. Suara Pembaruan, September 29. |
The source is given, but the extent of the word-for-word copying is not made clear. Ananto has two entries for Ishadi 2002 in her reference list, the matching one was chosen. |
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| [3.] Dsi/Fragment 041 08 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-06-27 19:06:37 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 41, Zeilen: 8-12 |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 280, Zeilen: third paragraph |
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| The Indonesian press was controlled and often threatened by the government from 1968 until May 1998. Yet, when press liberalization came about, press idealism triumphed, leading to what has been called a “press revolution.” However, press liberalization seems to have done little to help the progress of the public relations profession, as will be further discussed in this section. | In his doctoral dissertation, Ishadi (2002) mentioned that the Indonesian press was controlled and often threatened by the government from 1968 until May 1998. Yet, when press liberalization came about, press idealism triumphed, leading to what he called the “press revolution.” However, press liberalization seems to have done little to help the progress of the public relations profession. |
The source is not given. Ananto has two entries for Ishadi 2002 in her reference list, neither appears to be a dissertation:
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| [4.] Dsi/Fragment 044 06 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-06-27 19:16:37 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 44, Zeilen: 6-13, 20-22 |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 264, 280, Zeilen: 264: 1-5 ; 280: 19 ff |
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| Despite the growth of the number of communication scholars (exceeding 30,000) and public relations practitioners in both private and public sectors, the profession has not grown as much as advertising, which has increased in significance in Indonesia in the last five years. There is no single public relations-oriented periodical or journal among the more than 2,000 newspapers and magazines. It is time for public relations to rise to its potential at both the scholarly and professional levels, including adopting multi-disciplinary and international approaches (Ananto, 2004).
[...] Modern public relations was introduced to Indonesia in the early 1950s when multinational companies entered the country. The state oil company, Pertamina, was among the first to use public relations as a communication channel between the [organization and clients, suppliers, distributors, and consumers (Ananto, 2003).] Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. |
[page 280]
Despite the growth in the number of communications scholars (exceeding 30,000) and public relations practitioners (over 3,000) in both the private and public sectors, the profession has not grown as much as advertising, which has increased in significance in Indonesia in the last five years. There is no single public relations-oriented periodical or journal among the more than 2,000 newspapers and magazines. It is time for public relations to rise to its potential at both the scholarly and professional levels, including adopting multi-disciplinary and international approaches. [page 264] However, public relations was introduced to Indonesia in the early 1950s when a few multinational companies entered the country. The state oil company PERTAMINA was among the first to adopt public relations to provide a communication channel between the organization and clients, suppliers, distributors, and consumers. |
The source is given, but it is not made clear that the text is so closely copied. There is no Ananto 2004 listed in the reference section. |
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| [5.] Dsi/Fragment 045 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-08-09 16:35:05 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 45, Zeilen: 1 ff. (entire page) |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 264, 266, 267, 269, Zeilen: 264: 3ff; 266: last 3 lines; 267: 1-2, 20; 269: 15-20 |
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| [The state oil company, Pertamina, was among the first to use public relations as a communication channel between the] organization and clients, suppliers, distributors, and consumers (Ananto, 2003). In 1954, the Indonesian Police Department (POLRI) also started using public relations. Finally, in 1962, Minister Djuanda decided that all government offices must have a public relations department to provide two-way communication channels between the government and the citizens, and to help the ministers in the decision-making process (Ananto, 2003).
The Indonesian government established Badan Kordinasi (BAKOR), an organization that coordinated the public relations functions of the government. However, BAKOR was dissolved in 1970 due to poor operation (Ananto, 2003). In 1971, a new organization, Coordinating Body of Government Public Relations (BAKOHUMAS) was established with two responsibilities: 1) To coordinate, integrate, and synchronize the operations of public relations departments of different government bodies; and 2) to plan and execute public relations activities in line with the government policy. In 1976, the government established public relations offices in every Indonesian province (Ananto, 2003). The public relations profession in Indonesia, on the other hand, began in 1972, and in the same year, the first association of public relations professionals, known as Perhimpunan Hubungan Masyarakat Indonesia (PERHUMAS), was founded. Its objectives were to increase the professional levels of members and help them network nationally and internationally. By the end of 2000, PERHUMAS had 3,000 members (PERHUMAS, 2002, pp. 266-7). At the end of 1993, a Code of Ethics in Public Relations in Indonesia was established. However, the practice of ethical public relations merely remains rhetorical. The professional associations have not established a mechanism to encourage members to [practice ethical public relations.] Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. Perhimpunan Hubungan Masyarakat Indonesia (2002). Sejarah. Retrieved October 20, 2003, from http://www.perhumas.org |
[page 264]
The state oil company PERTAMINA was among the first to adopt public relations to provide a communication channel between the organization and clients, suppliers, distributors, and consumers. In 1954, the Police Office (POLRI) also started using public relations. In 1962, Minister Djuanda decided that all government offices should have a public relations department not only to provide two-way communication between the government and the citizenry, but also to help the ministries in the decision-making process. To help coordinate the public relations functions of the various government offices, a public relations coordinating body known as BAKOR was established. However, due to its poor operation, BAKOR was dissolved in 1970 and a new body called the Coordinating Body of Government Public Relations (Bakohumas) was set up by a decree of the Minister of Information, No 31/Kep/Men/1971. Bakohumas had two responsibilities: 1. To coordinate, integrate, and synchronize the operations of public relations departments of different government bodies; and 2. To plan and execute public relations activities in line with government policy. The government established public relations offices in each of the provinces of Indonesia in 1976. The year 1972 was the beginning of professionalism in public relations in Indonesia. That year, public relations practitioners formed the Association of Public Relations, known as PERHUMAS. [...] At the end of 1993, a Code of Ethics in Public Relations in Indonesia was established. [page 266] Professional Organizations PERHUMAS, the national organization of public relations practitioners, was established on December 15, 1972. Its objectives are to improve the [page 267] professional level of members and help them network nationally and internationally. [...] By the end of 2000, PERHUMAS had 3,000 members. [page 269] Application of Ethics Public relations ethics is seldom discussed among professional circles in Indonesia. Any reference to the practice of ethical public relations merely remains a rhetoric. The professional associations have not established a mechanism to encourage members to practice ethical public relations, leaving it to the discretion of each individual. |
The source is mentioned numerous times, but it is not made clear how close the text is to the source. |
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| [6.] Dsi/Fragment 046 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-08-09 16:47:14 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 46, Zeilen: 1 ff. (entire page) |
Quelle: Ananto 2004 Seite(n): 265, 266, 269, Zeilen: 265: 1 ff; 266: 5-8, 16-18, 28-29; 269: 18-22 |
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| [The professional associations have not established a mechanism to encourage members to] practice ethical public relations. Surely, this lack of ethics provokes criticism from the media and external observers (Ananto, 2003).
The development of public relations reached its peak with the government’s policy of privatization when all public companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange started to include public relations as an organizational activity (Ananto, 2003). In 2000, under Habibie’s presidency, the controversial Department of Information was dissolved. This department was notorious for its efforts to control the press, boost propaganda, and practice asymmetrical public relations (Ananto, 2003). C.2. The Current Status of the Public Relations Profession in Indonesia Today, many Indonesians still look down upon public relations professionals as people who only organize events and perform media relations. Even the media often view public relations professionals as self-serving publicists (Ananto, 2003). However, some government leaders are more appreciative of the impact public relations has on their activities. During Wahid’s presidency, public relations consultants were hired to manage political campaigns, marking public relations’ peak at the government levels (Ananto, 2003). According to former Head of Communications and Public Relations of PERHUMAS, Magdalena Wenas, public relations in Indonesia has not yet developed into a specialization although there has been a significant movement in this direction in the past few years. To a large extent, top managers often do not realize the need for public relations until they are faced with a crisis (Wenas, 2002). After the financial crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997, organizations have been striving more than ever to survive by [making budget cuts, and the public relations department is usually the first one to suffer from these cuts (Wenas, 2002).] Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. Wenas, M. (2002). Dampak krisis multi dimensi terhadap perkembangan profesi humas. |
[page 269]
The professional associations have not established a mechanism to encourage members to practice ethical public relations, leaving it to the discretion of each individual. Criticism about a lack of ethics does not come from within the profession, but emanates from the media and external observers. [page 265] The development of public relations rose to its peak with the government’s policy of privatization as a result of which all public companies listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange began including public relations as an organizational activity that was usually vested in the Corporate Secretary. In the year 2000, under the presidency of Abdulrachman Wahid, the Department of Information was dissolved. This department had been controversial because it had been in the forefront of government efforts to control the press, boost propaganda, and practice asymmetrical public relations. The Current Status of the Profession Image of Public Relations [...] The common people view public relations professionals as those that only organize events and perform media relations. Whereas the media do appreciate the information subsidies they receive from public relations professionals of organizations, they also view these professionals as self-serving publicists. Some government leaders seem more appreciative of the importance of public relations to their activities. During the administration of President Abdulrachman Wahid, public relations reached its peak at the government level. Public relations consultants were hired to manage political campaigns. [...] Yet, too often companies do not realize the need to implement public relations until faced with a crisis, such as labor unrest, litigation, or accidents causing tragic loss of life. [page 266] However, especially after the financial crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997-1998, organizations have been striving for survival by making budget cuts. The public relations department is usually the first one to be affected when budgets need to be slashed. [...] Public relations in Indonesia has not yet developed into a specialization although there has been a significant movement in this direction in recent years. [...] To a large extent, top managers still expect public relations practioners to serve as a “fire brigade” when crises happen (Wenas, 2002). Wenas, M. (2002). Dampak Krisis Multi Dimensi terhadap Perkembangan Profesi Humas. Unpublished paper. |
Even though the source is mentioned a few times, it is not made clear how close the text is to the source. The copied reference to Wenas 2002 is unusual, as it is given in Ananto 2004 as an unpublished paper. |
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| [7.] Dsi/Fragment 048 04 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-08-09 17:02:33 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 48, Zeilen: 4-11, 19-23 |
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| Indonesia’s policy of privatization that began in the 1990s greatly increased the demand for public relations consultants. The recent trend toward mergers and acquisitions in Indonesia has boosted the need for strategic public relations (Ananto, 2003). At least 50 domestic public relations consultant agencies and no fewer than 10 international agencies are currently operating in Indonesia. Some of the notable consulting firms include: Soedarto and Noeradi Public Relations Counselor, IPM, Indo-PR, Fortune PR, MPR, Awal Fadjar Adicita, Indo Pacific Reputation Management Consultant, and Asia Pacific Ogilvy PR Worldwide (Ananto, 2003).
[...] To some Indonesian journalists and observers, public relations is merely a promotional tool for organizational products or services rather than a method of creating harmonious relationships between organizations and their publics. Thus, to Indonesian journalists, public relations is often a synonym for image building regardless of ethical standards (Adji, 2002). Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. |
[page 268]
With the government’s policy of privatization that began in the 1990s, the demand for public relations consultants increased tremendously [...] As many as fifty domestic public relations consultants and fewer than ten international agencies are currently operating in Indonesia. [...] The recent trend toward mergers and acquisitions and the demand for practicing good corporate governance have given a fillip to strategic public relations. [...] Some notable consulting firms include: Soedarto and Noeradi Public Relations Counselor, IPM, Indo-PR, Fortune PR, MPR, Awal Fadjar Adicita, Indo Pacific Reputation Management Consultant, Asia Pacific Ogilvy PR Worldwide. [page 280] Yet, to some journalists and observers, public relations is no more than a capitalist way of doing business, often sacrificing social responsibilities. Public relations is often perceived as a tool to promote organizational products or services rather than to create harmonious relationships between organizations and their publics. Public relations is a synonym for image building regardless of whether a corporation is doing business the right way or not. |
There is no Adji 2002 in the references. The source is mentioned twice, but it is not made clear how close the text is to the source. |
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| [8.] Dsi/Fragment 050 08 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2021-08-09 17:09:42 WiseWoman | Ananto 2004, BauernOpfer, Dsi, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
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| The movement toward quality improvement of public relations education began in 1960 with the establishment of Fakultas Publisistik Universitas Padjadjaran in Bandung, which in 1982 changed its name to the Faculty of Communication (Ananto, 2003). In the last decade, in addition to state universities, such as the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Diponegoro University in Semarang, and Gajah Mada University in Jogyakarta, many private universities have offered public relations education at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Some of the private universities that offer public relations education are: Universitas Moestopo Beragama, the London School of Public Relations (LSPR), and Interstudi Public Relations School, all located in Jakarta (Ananto, 2003). According to Ananto (2003), recently, a number of research and case studies in public relations have been conducted by public relations scholars from Atmajaya University. Also, the Trisakti International Business School (TIBS) recently began to offer professional programs for communications and public relations managers (Ananto, 2003).
Ananto, E. (2003). The development of public relations in Indonesia. In K. Sriramesh (Ed.), Public relations in Asia: An anthology. Singapore: Thomson Publishing. |
[page 267]
Universities and Colleges of Public Relations The trend toward improving the quality of public relations education began as early as 1960 when the Fakultas Publisistik Universitas Padjadjaran was instituted in Bandung (West Java). In 1982, it changed its name to the Faculty of Communication. In the last ten years, in addition to state universities such as the University of Indonesia in Jakarta, the University of Diponegoro in Semarang, and the University of Gajah Mada in Jogyakarta, some private universities have begun providing public relations education at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Some of the private universities that have contributed to public relations education are Universitas Moestopo Beragama, London School of Public Relations (LSPR), and Interstudi, all located in Jakarta. Recently, a number of field research and case studies conducted by academicians of the [page 268] private Atmajaya University in Jogyakarta have been contributed to this profession. [...] Trisakti University, a reputable private university in the country, recently began providing multidisciplinary professional programs for communications and public relations managers in Trisakti International Business School (TIBS). |
The source is given four times, but it is not made clear how close the text is to the source. |
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