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| Autor | Fabio Benfenati |
| Titel | Synaptic plasticity and the neurobiology of learning and memory |
| Zeitschrift | Acta Bio Medica |
| Jahr | 2007 |
| Nummer | 78 Suppl 1 |
| Seiten | 58-66 |
| URL | http://www.actabiomedica.it/data/2007/supp_1_2007/benfenati.pdf |
Literaturverz. |
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| Fußnoten | nein |
| Fragmente | 3 |
| [1.] Br/Fragment 008 03 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2016-05-21 18:01:45 Schumann | Benfenati 2007, Br, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 8, Zeilen: 3-5, 7-10 |
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| The most distinctive feature of the mammalian central nervous system is its ability to adapt to the environment and to improve its performance over time and experience. [An important basis for this peculiar property is the plastic nature of the synapses, i.e. the capacity to change their signaling strength, both in short and long term, in response to specific patterns of synaptic activity.] The neural changes evoked by the stimuli can persist even for very long times, virtually for the whole life of the individual. This neural plasticity represents the basis of higher brain functions such as learning and memory. | Synaptic plasticity and the cellular bases of memory
The major and most distinctive feature of the nervous system is the astonishing ability to adapt to the environment and to improve its performance over time and experience. [This peculiar property, collectively named “plasticity”, has been precisely defined at the end of the XIX century by Santiago Ramon y Cajal as “the property by virtue of which sustained functional changes occur in particular neuronal systems following the administration of appropriate environmental stimuli or the combination of different stimuli”.] Since the neural changes evoked by the stimuli can persist for very long times, virtually for the whole life of the individual, it seems clear that neural plasticity represents the basis of the higher brain functions such as learning and memory [or, conversely, that the built-in property of neural plasticity allows experience to shape both functionally and structurally the nervous system]. |
Ohne Hinweis auf eine Übernahme. Das von Benfenati eingeschobene Zitat wurde paraphrasiert und geht daher nicht in die Zeilenzählung ein. |
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| [2.] Br/Fragment 008 15 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2016-05-21 18:02:39 Schumann | Benfenati 2007, Br, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung |
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| Implicit memory refers to information storage to perform various reflexive or perceptual tasks and is recalled unconsciously. The implicit memory is more robust and may last for all our life even in the absence of further practice (Squire, 2004). Implicit memory involves a heterogeneous collection of memory functions and types of learned behaviors such as reflexive conditioning, fear conditioning and priming. The explicit memory is concerned with the factual knowledge of persons, things, notions and is recalled by a deliberate and conscious effort.
Explicit memory can be further classified as episodic and semantic memory. Episodic memory allows us to remember personal events and experience, on the other hand semantic memory is a sort of public memory for facts and notions. Squire LR (2004) Memory systems of the brain: a brief history and current perspective. Neurobiol Learn Mem 82:171-177. |
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The first one refers to information storage to perform various reflexive or perceptual tasks is also referred to as non-declarative or implicit memory because it is recalled unconsciously. [...] Implicit memory is a heterogeneous collection of memory functions and types of learned behaviours such as reflexive learning (sensitization, habituation), classical conditioning, fear conditioning, procedural memory (for skills and habits) and priming [(the recall of words or objects from a previous unconscious exposure to them).] [Seite 61] The second form of memory, called declarative or explicit memory because it is recalled by a deliberate and conscious effort, concerns factual knowledge of persons, things, notions and places. Declarative memory can be further classified as episodic or autobiographic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory allows us to remember personal events and experience and, being a link between what we are and what we have been, gives us the sense of our individuality. On the other hand, semantic memory is a sort of public memory for facts and notions[, be they general or autobiographical (Fig. 4).] [Seite 62] However, while explicit memory fades relatively rapidly in the absence of recall and refreshing, implicit memory is much more robust and may last for all our life even in the absence of further practice (4, 5). 4. Blackemore C. Mechanics of the mind. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1977. 5. Kandel ER, Pittenger C. The past, the future and the biology of memory storage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354: 2027-52. |
Zwar zusammengeschnitten, doch bleibt das Original unverkennbar. Dennoch ohne jeden Hinweis auf eine Übernahme. |
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| [3.] Br/Fragment 009 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2016-05-21 18:07:09 Schumann | Benfenati 2007, Br, Fragment, Gesichtet, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung |
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| [The] explicit memory fades relatively rapidly in the absence of recall and refreshing and prone to distortion (Cohen and Squire, 1980; Squire., et al., 1993; Squire, 2004).
Neuropsychological studies on patients, mainly pioneered by Brenda Millner with the famous H.M. case, have shown that the multiple memory systems involve distinct brain areas, especially the medial temporal lobe, and exhibit distinctive features (Scoville and Milner, 1957). • Cohen NJ, Squire LR (1980) Preserved learnign and retention of pattern analysing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science.210:207-10. • Scoville WB and Milner B (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.20:11-21. • Squire LR (1993) The hippocampus and spatial memory. Trends Neurosci 16:56-7. • Squire LR (2004) Memory systems of the brain: a brief history and current perspective. Neurobiol Learn Mem 82:171-177. |
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Neuropsychological studies on neurological patients, mainly pioneered by Brenda Millner with the famous H.M. case, have shown that the multiple me- [Seite 62] mory systems involve distinct brain areas and exhibit distinctive features. Thus, explicit memory needs an intact medial temporal lobe (hippocampus), [...] However, while explicit memory fades relatively rapidly in the absence of recall and refreshing, implicit memory is much more robust and may last for all our life even in the absence of further practice (4, 5). 4. Blackemore C. Mechanics of the mind. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1977. 5. Kandel ER, Pittenger C. The past, the future and the biology of memory storage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354: 2027-52. |
Ohne Hinweis auf eine Übernahme. |
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