Angaben zur Quelle [Bearbeiten]
Titel | Economic Survey 2004-2005 |
Herausgeber | Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Finance |
Ort | Islamabad |
Datum | 28. July 2005 |
Anmerkung | Af continually wrongly attributes information taken from the Economic Survey 2004-2005 to the Labor Force Survey 2003-2004 (where the Economic Survey draws its data from), thus masking the origin of her texts. |
URL | main page: http://web.archive.org/web/20050206033512/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/home.htm; esp.: chapter 13 (Population, Labour Force & Employment): http://web.archive.org/web/20050728054850/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters/13-population.pdf |
Literaturverz. |
no |
Fußnoten | no |
Fragmente | 5 |
[1.] Af/Fragment 047 19 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2017-04-01 12:26:14 Schumann | Af, BauernOpfer, Fragment, Gesichtet, Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
|
|
Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 47, Zeilen: 19-30 |
Quelle: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005 Seite(n): 141, 142, Zeilen: 141: 4.6.10-11.12-13.18-19; 142: 16-19 |
---|---|
5.1 The structure of the female employment in Pakistan
Pakistan’s population has grown at an average rate of 3 percent per annum since 1951 and until the mid 1980’s. Since 2000-01 Pakistan’s population is growing at an average rate of almost 2 percent per annum only. Had Pakistan’s population grown at an average rate of 2 percent per annum since 1959-60, Pakistan’s per capita income would have been $ 1083 rather than $ 736. During the last 50 years, Pakistan’s population has increased from 33 million to 152.53 million in 2004-05; thus making Pakistan the 7th most populous country in the world (LFS 2003-04). Since, Pakistan is on the favourable end of the population spectrum. Thus, an increase in population consequently leads to an increase in labour force as well. This is evident from Pakistan’s labour force figure of 45.76 million in 2004 as compared to total labour force figure of 40.49 million in 2000; there is an increase of 5.27 million working hands in Pakistan. Government of Pakistan 2005: Labour force survey 2003-04, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Islamabad. |
[page 141]
POPULATION, LABOUR FORCE & EMPLOYMENT Pakistan’s population has grown at an average rate of 3 percent per annum since 1951 and until mid 1980’s. [...] However, since 2000-01 Pakistan’s population is growing at an average rate of almost 2 percent per annum. [...] Had Pakistan’s population grown at an average rate of 2 percent per annum since 1959-60, Pakistan’s per capita income would have been Rs. 64366 today as against Rs. 43748. [...] Furthermore, Pakistan’s per capita income in dollar term would have been $ 1083 rather than $ 736. [...] During the last 50 years, Pakistan’s population has increased from 33 million to 152.53 million in 2004-05. Thus making Pakistan the 7th most populous country in the world. [page 142] Since, Pakistan is on the favorable end of the population spectrum. Thus, an increase in population consequently leads to an increase in labour force as well. This is evident from Pakistan’s labour force figure of 45.76 million in 2004 as compared to total labour force figure of 40.49 million in 2000; there is an increase of 5.27 million working hands in Pakistan. |
Af kind of names her source (cp. comments on this reference in source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005). Nevertheless, nothing has been marked as a citation, and it is not clear, that after the reference the text still stems from the same source (and not from Af). |
|
[2.] Af/Fragment 048 21 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2017-04-01 12:44:19 Schumann | Af, BauernOpfer, Fragment, Gesichtet, Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
|
|
Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 48, Zeilen: 21-31 |
Quelle: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005 Seite(n): 146, Zeilen: 27-34, 38-41 |
---|---|
From the table 1 we can decipher that Pakistan’s total labour force has increased by 4.38 million in 2004-05 as compared to 2001-02. Similarly, the number of people employed has also registered an increase of 2.87 million (7.4 percent), whereas unemployment has only increased by 0.3 million. This in fact points towards the successful employment generation policies of the present government of General Musharraf.
According to the to date Labour Force Survey (LFS 2003-04), the overall labour force participation rate (CAR) is 30.41 percent (48.74 percent of males and 11.16 percent of females). CAR was 28.7 percent in 1996-97 increased to 29.4 percent in 1997-98 but later declined to 29 percent in 1999-00. It has increased to 29.61 percent in 2001-02 and finally to 30.4 percent in 2003-04. Government of Pakistan 2005: Labour force survey 2003-04, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Islamabad. |
[page 146]
From the table 13.3 we can decipher that Pakistan’s total labour force has increased by 4.38 million in 2004-05 as compared to 2001-02. Similarly, the number of people employed has also registered an increased [sic] of 2.87 million (7.4 percent). Whereas unemployment has only increased by 0.3 million. This in fact points towards the successful employment generation policies of the government. Labour Force Participation Rate [...] According to the Labour Force Survey 2003-04 the overall labour force participation rate (CAR) is 30.41 percent (48.74 percent of males and 11.16 percent of females). CAR was 28.7 percent in 1996-97 increased to 29.4 percent in 1997-98 but later declined to 29 percent in 1999-00. It has increased to 29.61 percent in 2001-02 and finally to 30.4 percent in 2003-04. |
Af kind of names her source (cp. comments on this reference in Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005). Nevertheless, nothing has been marked as a citation. |
|
[3.] Af/Fragment 049 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2017-04-03 12:40:04 Schumann | Af, BauernOpfer, Fragment, Gesichtet, Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
|
|
Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 49, Zeilen: 1 ff. (complete page) |
Quelle: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005 Seite(n): 146, 147-148, Zeilen: 146: table 13.3; 147: 1-20.25-27 - 148: 1-12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Similarly, RAR was 43 percent in 1996-97, increased] to 43.3 percent in 1997-98, decreased to 42.8 percent in 1999-00 and has increased to 43.3 percent in 2002-03 and further to 43.7 percent in 2003-04.
Table 1
A comparison of male and female participation rates reveals that the labour force participation rates for females have been increasing over the years and it has increased from 13.72 percent in 1999-00 to 15.93 percent in 2003-04. Multiple factors like increased awareness, better educatinal [sic] opportunities, equal employment opportunities, changing social attitudes, etc are responsible for this. But it still remains less than the male activity rate, which means that their participation in economic activities is also low. On the other hand, male participation rate has seldom wavered and has generally remained steady since the early 90’s. It is estimated that the agricultural sector has absorbed 17.97 million of the total employed labour force33 (see table 2). On the whole, an increase has been observed in almost all-major industries/sectors gender neutrally. Sector wise break up of employed labour force shows that female labour force participation is on the up for most sectors especially agriculture and fishery workers. It is important to note that the employment of the rural females increased despite a considerable rise in female labour force participation rate. The increase in rural female employment was mainly in the category of unpaid family helpers, which may be due to enhanced growth rates in agriculture in recent years or due to the combined efforts of various NGOs. The distribution of female labour force by major sectors also supports the view that employment gains are concentrated in female unpaid workers, as the largest increase in the female employment is seen in agriculture and allied industries. On the other hand, the increase in urban female employment is mainly in community services, manufacturing and construction industries. Similarly occupational distribution of urban females shows employment increase in the category of unskilled, craft and trade related workers. 33 The employed labour force is defined as all persons of ten years and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period and were either “paid employees or “self-employed””. Based on this definition, the total number of the employed labour force in 2005 is estimated at 43.22 million compared to 42.24 million in 2004. The total number of employed persons in rural areas has increased from 28.98 million in 2004 to 29.65 million in 2005. Similarly, urban employment increased from 14.69 million in 2004 to 15.03 million in 2005. In 2003-04, rural employment (1.98 million increase) has increased more than urban employment (0.89 million). Whereas total employment has also risen considerably from last year (0.71 million increase) (LFS, 2003-04). Government of Pakistan 2005: Labour force survey 2003-04, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Islamabad. |
[page 146]
Similarly, RAR was 43 percent in 1996-97, increased to 43.3 percent in 1997-98, decreased to 42.8 percent in 1999-00 and has increased to 43.3 percent in 2002-03 and further to 43.7 percent in 2003-04. A comparison of male and female participation rates reveals that the labour force participation rates for females have been increasing over the years and it has increased from 13.72 percent in 1999-00 to 15.93 percent in 2003-04. Multiple factors like increased awareness, better educational opportunities, equal employment opportunities, changing social attitudes, etc are responsible for this. But it still remains less than the male activity rate, which means that their participation in economic activities is also low. On the other hand, male participation rate has seldom wavered and has generally remained steady since the early 90’s. Employment Situation The employed labour force is defined as all persons of ten years and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period and were either “paid employees or “self-employed””. Based on this definition, the total number of the employed labour force in 2005 is estimated at 43.22 million compared to 42.24 million in 2004. The total number of employed persons in rural areas has increased from 28.98 million in 2004 to 29.65 million in 2005. Similarly, urban employment increased from 14.69 million in 2004 to 15.03 million in 2005. [...] In 2003-04, rural employment (1.98 million increase) has increased more than urban employment (0.89 million). Whereas total employment has also risen considerably from last year (0.71 million increase). [page 148] Employed Labour Force by Sectors The agricultural sector has absorbed 17.97 million of the total employed labour force. On the whole, an increase has been observed in almost all-major industries/sectors gender neutrally. Sector wise break up of employed labour force shows that female labour force participation is on the up for most sectors especially agriculture and fishery workers. It is important to note that the employment of the rural females increased despite a considerable rise in female Labour Force Participation Rate. The increase in rural female employment was mainly in the category of unpaid family helpers, which may be due to enhanced growth rates in agriculture in recent years or due to the combined efforts of various NGO. The distribution of female labour force by major sectors also supports the view that employment gains are concentrated in female unpaid workers, as the largest increase in the female employment is seen in Agriculture and allied industries. On the other hand, the increase in urban female employment is mainly in community services, manufacturing and construction industries. Similarly occupational distribution of urban females show employment increase in category of unskilled, craft and trade related workers. |
Continued from previous page. Af kind of names her source (cp. comments on this reference in Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005). Nevertheless, nothing hints at this page having been taken verbatim from the source, since nothing has been marked as a citation. Mark also that table 1 has been copied and not been quoted (see references therein). |
|
[4.] Af/Fragment 051 09 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2017-04-09 15:12:56 Schumann | Af, BauernOpfer, Fragment, Gesichtet, Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
|
|
Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 51, Zeilen: 9-17, table 3 |
Quelle: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005 Seite(n): 148-149, Zeilen: 148: 13-19, table 13.7; 149: 1-2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Substantially a large portion of the country’s economic activity is in the hands of the informal sector; they employ 70 percent of Pakistan’s total labour force. Proportion of employed persons involved in the rural informal sector (73 percent) is higher as compared to that of urban areas (67 percent). As expected informal activities are more concentrated in urban areas (33 percent) as compared to rural areas (27 percent) (see table 3). Since informal activities are predominantly non-agrarian, male workers are relatively more concentrated in the informal sector both in rural and urban areas of the country. The informal sector is, therefore, not only the main engine of growth but it is also the main source of employment generation.
Table 3
Government of Pakistan 2005: Labour force survey 2003-04, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Islamabad. |
[page 148]
Growth and the Informal Sector Substantially large portion of the country’s economic activity is in the hands of the informal sector; they employ 70 percent of Pakistan’s total labour force. Proportion of employed person involved in rural informal sector (73 percent) is higher as compared to that of urban areas (67 percent). As expected informal activities are more concentrated in urban areas (33 percent) as compared to rural areas (27 percent). Since informal activities are predominantly non-agrarian, male workers are relatively more concentrated in informal sector both in rural and urban areas of the country.
[page 149] Informal sector is, therefore, not only the main engine of growth but it is also the main source of employment generation. |
Af kind of names her source but only for table 3 (cp. comments on this reference in Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005). Nevertheless, the text which has been taken verbatim has not been marked as a citation. |
|
[5.] Af/Fragment 052 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2017-04-01 21:56:34 WiseWoman | Af, BauernOpfer, Fragment, Gesichtet, Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop |
|
|
Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 52, Zeilen: 1 ff. (complete page) |
Quelle: Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005 Seite(n): 150, 151-152, Zeilen: 150: 5-11, 151: 3-5.8-10.21-26.27-31.39-40 - 152: 3-8.12-19 |
---|---|
Furthermore, the overall unemployment rate has declined from 8.3 percent in 2001-02 to 7.7 percent in 2003-04, due to mainly steeper decline in women’s unemployment visà-vis that of men. Taking into account the decline in female unemployment in both rural and urban areas it can be said that this decline could be due to two reasons; females were able to get job opportunities or they withdrew from the labour force mainly because of “discourage phenomenon”. But female participation in the labour force has increased considerably over the last few years thus it appears that female unemployment reduced primarily due to expansion in job opportunities for females. Microfinance facilities, with some other governmental strategies,36 focusing on women particularly in [rural areas could be the major contributing factor for reduction in female unemployment rate.]
36 The Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) for the current fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over last year’s PSDP of Rs 160 billion. Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labour Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, have been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritize them on market demand and to facilitate the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5.1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 6.4 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05. On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1.99 percent in 2003-04, has declined to 1.9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8.3 percent in 2001-02 to 7.7 percent in 2003-04. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) represent a signifying component of Pakistan’s economy in terms of value. They are highly labour intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labour force. Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing programmes for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 – a microfinance institution – under a public-private partnership program. In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs.4.5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provides substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy. Many national and international real estate developers have launched or are launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country. Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan. Whereas, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8.2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years (FBS, Labor Force Survey 2003-2004). |
[page 150]
The table reveals that overall unemployment rate has declined from 8.3 percent in 2001-02 to 7.7 percent in 2003-04, due mainly to steeper decline in women’s unemployment vis-à-vis that of men. First take the decline in female unemployment in both rural and urban areas. This decline could be due to two reasons; females were able to get job opportunities or they withdrew from the labour force mainly because of “discourage phenomenon”. But female participation in the labour force has increased considerably over the last few years thus it appears that female unemployment reduced primarily due to expansion in job opportunities for females. Microfinance facilities focusing on women particularly in rural areas could be the major contributing factor for reduction in female unemployment rate. [page 151] Employment Promotion Policies The Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) for the current fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over last year’s PSDP of Rs 160 billion. [...] Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labour Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, have been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritise them on market demand and to facilitate the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. [...] [...] As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5.1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 604 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05. On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1.99 percent in 2003-04, has declined to 1.9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8.3 percent in 2001-02 to 7.7 percent in 2003-04. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) represents a signifying component of Pakistan’s economy in terms of value. They are highly labour intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labour force. [...] Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing programmes for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. [...] Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 – a microfinance institution – under a public-private partnership program. [...] [page 152] [...] In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs.4.5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provide substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy. [...] Many national and international real estate developers have launched or launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country. Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan. Whereas, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8.2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years. |
Af mentions a source at the very end of the footnote (see in particular comments on this reference in Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-2005), but the text is from a different, related source. Nevertheless, nothing has been marked as a citation although the text has been taken verbatim from the source. |
|