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| Autor | Hamidreza Babaei / Nobaya Ahmad /Sarjit S. Gill |
| Titel | Bonding, bridging and linking social capital and empowerment among squatter settlements in Tehran, Iran |
| Zeitschrift | World Applied Sciences Journal |
| Jahr | 2012 |
| Jahrgang | 17 |
| Nummer | 1 |
| Seiten | 119-126 |
| URL | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221658632_Bonding_Bridging_and_Linking_Social_Capital_and_Psychological_Empowerment_among_Squatter_Settlements_in_Tehran_Iran |
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| Fußnoten | ? |
| Fragmente | 3 |
| [1.] Analyse:Aaa/Fragment 024 03 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2023-04-15 15:06:32 Numer0nym | Aaa, Babaei 2012, Fragment, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel, Unfertig, Verschleierung |
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| The bonding and bridging are similar in meaning to Granovetter's (1973) strong and weak thesis.
[…] Bonding social capital is the initial system of strong In-group connections or homogeneous groups of people characterized by having dense multi-functional ties, strong but localized trust and norm of reciprocity. Such ties have been found to stimulate a high level of solidarity within the group structure, which can effectively mobilize resources around a common purpose, facilitates creation of shared identities, provision of emotional closeness, social support and crisis aid (Gittell & Vidal, 1998; Putnam, 2001). […] Apart from its positive externalities bonding social capital when it is taken to the extreme is also associated with various downsides such as harm to individuals within the group and exclusion of outsiders (Portes & Landolt, 1996; Portes, 1998). […] Bridging social capital on the other hand, refers to horizontal connections between socially heterogeneous groups but have broadly similar socio-economic status and power (Putnam, 2001; Woolcock, 2001; Grannoveter, 1986). […] Bridging ties are inclusive, cutting across ethnicity, caste, race, culture and other social cleavages (Grant, 2001; Wakefield & Blake, 2005; Narayan and Pritchett, 1999). |
The bonding and bridging terms, first introduced by Gittell and Vidal [19], are similar in meaning to Granovetter's [24] strong and weak ties.
[…] Multiple roles of bonding social capital are recognized in the literature: creation of shared identities and personal reputation; development of local reciprocity and particularized trust; and provision of emotional closeness, social support and crisis aid [19, 20, 30]. Such ties engender a high level of solidarity within the group structure, which can effectively mobilize individuals and resources around a common purpose [20, 21, 31]. […] The various downsides of social capital noted by Portes and Landolt [32], and Portes [33] (i.e., harm to individuals within the group, exclusion of outsiders, and other negative externalities) are generally associated with bonding social capital. […] Bridging social capital implies looser ties between people who are not alike demographically, but have similar financial status and power [20, 25]. […] ... bridging ties are inclusive, cutting across ethnicity, caste, race, culture and other social cleavages [21, 23, 34]. |
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| [2.] Analyse:Aaa/Fragment 025 05 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2023-04-16 20:48:07 Cuelwy | Aaa, Babaei 2012, Fragment, KeineWertung, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel, Unfertig |
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| Szretzer and Woolcock (2004) stated that linking social capital is norms of respect and networks of trusting relationships between people who are interacting across explicit, formal, or institutionalized power or authority gradients in society. Unlike bonding and bridging social capital which basically stress horizontal relationships, linking social capital represents the vertical dimension such as civil society organizations, government agencies, representatives of the public and the private sector (Grant, 2001; Woolcock, 2001; Halpern, 2005).
In this context, linking social capital is considered a valuable asset for accessing key resources such as capacity building, financial and technical support from formal institutions (Narayan & Lant, 2000; Woolcock, 2001; Levitte, 2003; Grootaert et al., 2004) The literature regarding linking social capital stresses the positive externalities but the adequacy of the concept to address issues of power and conflict is contested. World Bank and other proponents of the concept (e.g. Woolcock, 2001; Halpern, 2005), view linking social capital as essential asset for the well-being and long-term development of poor and marginalized groups. Different combinations of the three types of community-level social capital are thought to produce a range of outcomes (Field, 2003; Woolcock, 2005) paralleling the argument made about the micro-and macro-forms of social capital in Woolcock's (1998) integrated model. Once again, more community-level social Capital is not necessarily better; over-reliance on bonding or bridging, for instance, can be detrimental because benefits are confined to one [type of social capital at the expense of the other (Halpern, 2005). Similar to Woolcock's model, the conceptualization of community-level social capital is dynamic rather than static.] |
Whereas bonding and bridging refer to basically horizontal relationships, linking social capital represents the vertical dimension [25, 27]. Linking ties may include civil society organizations (NGOs, voluntary groups), government agencies (service providers, the police), representatives of the public (elected politicians, political parties) and the private sector (banks, employers) [21]. This form of social capital is valuable in terms of increased access to key resources from formal institutions outside the community (e.g., financial and technical support, capacity-building and increased access to formal decision-making processes) [11, 22, 25, 35].
Proponents of social capital, such as the World Bank, maintain that linking relations can encapsulate ideas of power and resource differentials in society, not only between communities and the state but also between communities and non-state actors. According to this view, linking social capital is deemed essential for the well-being and long-term development of poor and marginalized groups [25, 27, 28]. [...] Different combinations of the three types of community-level social capital are thought to produce a range of outcomes [25, 26], paralleling the argument made about the micro-and macro-forms of social capital in Woolcock's [13] integrated model. Once again, more community-level social capital is not necessarily better; over-reliance on bonding or bridging, for instance, can be detrimental beacuse benefits are confined to one type of social capital at the expense of the other [27]. Similar to Woolcock's model, the conceptualization of community-level social capital is dynamic rather than static. |
This is a 2-column source - on page 122, lines in column 1 are 34-50, lines in column 2 are 1-4 and 20-31; the work is from lines 5-24 on page 25, and lines 1-2 on page 26; square brackets are used for the part of the work that is one page 26. |
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| [3.] Analyse:Aaa/Fragment 026 03 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2023-04-14 13:24:04 Jnyssen | Aaa, Babaei 2012, Fragment, KomplettPlagiat, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel, Unfertig |
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| The optimal combination of bonding, bridging and linking social capital can vary over time as the needs and priorities of the community evolves or as the macro- environment itself changes (Halpern, 2005; Woolcock, 2005). | The optimal combination of bonding, bridging and linking social capital can vary over time as the needs and priorities of the community evolves or as the macro-environment itself changes [13, 38]. |
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