von Nasrullah Memon
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| [1.] Nm/Fragment 082 01 - Diskussion Zuletzt bearbeitet: 2012-04-20 22:07:41 WiseWoman | Fragment, Gesichtet, Nm, SMWFragment, Schutzlevel sysop, Verschleierung, Xu etal 2004 |
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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 82, Zeilen: 1-32 |
Quelle: Xu etal 2004 Seite(n): 5, 6, Zeilen: 5: 21ff; 6:1ff |
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| For example, an author citation network in information science during 1972-1995 was studied in (White, H.D. and K.W. McCain, 1998). A centrality index was calculated based on an author’s mean number of co-citations with other authors. This index was used to reflect the changes in the author’s influence over time.
Link stability has also been researched in various case studies, especially inter-organizational network studies. It is the rate of link breaking and replacement. For example, Ornstein examined the interlocking relations among the 100 largest Canadian companies between 1946-1977 (Ornstein, M.D., 1982). He calculated the percentage of relations that were previously broken but later restored and used in order to test whether the network was dominated by planned liaisons. Similarly, Fennema and Schijf used “chance of restoration” to identify a stable set of interlocking relations among companies across several countries (Fennema, M. and H. Schijf, 1978/79). Research has focused on group stability and group balance processes to describe group level dynamics. To analyze group balance processes, Doreian and Kapuscinski used Newcomb’s fraternity data (Newcomb, T.M., 1961) to measure relation reciprocity, transitivity, and imbalance across the 15 weeks (Doreian, P., et al.., 1997). Results for each week were then plotted to study the trend of group balance over time. Group stability is defined in Nakao and Romney’s study as the similarity between the two socio-metrics representing the same group at two different points of time (Nakao, K. and A.K. Romney, 1993). In citation analysis, “Cluster Stability Index” is proposed. It is defined as the number of common elements in two clusters divided by the total number of elements in the two clusters (Small, H.G., 1977). By calculating this index between two similar clusters in two successive time periods, it is [possible to measure the stability or continuity of a scientific field as represented by a group of authors (Braam, R.R., H.F. Moed, and A.F.J. van Raan, 1991).] |
For example, an author citation network in information science during 1972-1995 was studied in [EN 40]. A centrality index is calculated based on an author’s mean number of co-citations with other authors. This index is used to reflect the changes in the author’s influence over time.
[Page 6] Link stability in terms of link breaking and replacement rate was analyzed in several inter-organizational network studies. Ornstein examined the interlocking relations among the 100 largest Canadian companies between 1946-1977 [EN 30]. He calculated the percentage of relations that were previously broken but later restored and used that to test whether the network was dominated by planned liaisons. Similarly, Fennema and Schijf used “chance of restoration” to identify a stable set of interlocking relations among companies across several countries [EN 16]. To describe group level dynamics, research has focused on group stability and group balance processes. To analyze group balance processes, Doreian and Kapuscinski used Newcomb’s fraternity data [FN 28] to measure relation reciprocity, transitivity, and imbalance across the 15 weeks [FN 14]. Results for each week were then plotted to study the trend of group balance over time. Group stability is defined in Nakao and Romney’s study as the similarity between the two sociomatrices representing the same group at two different points of time [EN 27]. In citation analysis, Small proposes a “Cluster Stability Index”, which is defined as the number of common elements in two clusters divided by the total number of elements in the two clusters [EN 32]. By calculating this index between two similar clusters in two successive time periods, it is possible to quantify the stability or continuity of a scientific field as represented by a group of authors [EN 2]. [EN 2] Braam, R.R., H.F. Moed, & A.F.J. van Raan (1991). Mapping of science by combined co-citation and word analysis ii: Dynamical aspects. Journal of American Society of Information Science, 42(4), 252-266. [EN 14] Doreian, P., et al. (1997) A brief history of balance through time, in Evolution of social networks, P. Doreian & F.N. Stokman (eds.). Gordon and Breach: Australia. 129-147. [EN 16] Fennema, M. & H. Schijf (1987/79). Analyzing interlocking directories: Theory and methods. Social Networks, 1, 297-332. [EN 17] Freeman, L.C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1, 215-240. [EN 27] Nakao, K. & A.K. Romney (1993) Longitudinal approach to subgroup formation: Re-analysis of Newcomb's fraternity data. Social Networks, 15, 109-131. [EN 28] Newcomb, T.M. (1961). The acquaintance process, ed. Series. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [EN 30] Ornstein, M.D. (1982). Interlocking directorates in Canada: Evidence from replacement patterns. Social Networks, 4, 3-25. [EN 32] Small, H.G. (1977). A co-citation model of a scientific specialty: A longitudinal study of collagen research. Social Studies of Science, 7, 139-166. [EN 40] White, H.D. & K.W. McCain (1998). Visualizing a discipline: An author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972-1995. Journal of American Society of Information Science and Technology, 49(4), 327-355. |
In the same style as on the previous pages: only minor adjustments, all literature references are copied as well, and the source is not mentioned. |
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