von Nasrullah Memon
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| 2.1 OVERVIEW[FN 9]
“Terrorism is a psychological act that communicates through the medium of violence or the threat of violence” (Gunaratna, R., 2000). Terrorist strategies will be aimed at publicly causing damage to symbols or inspiring horror. Timing, location, and method of attacks accommodate media dissemination and ensure “newsworthiness” to maximize impact. A terrorist operation will often have the goal of manipulating popular perceptions, and will achieve this by controlling or dictating media coverage. This control need not be evident, as terrorists analyze and exploit the dynamics of major media outlets and the pressure of the “news cycle” (Hoffman, B., 1998). The bombing of commuter trains in Madrid is one example of such theory. The true cause behind Madrid bombing is not determined yet. However, one view is that terrorists who specifically planned to influence the political process in Spain conducted the attacks. They believed that the public would feel the current government responsible, as the large percentage of population was against the involvement of Spanish forces in Iraq war. The attacks occurred during the morning rush hour just three days prior to the national elections. Timing the attack played a vital role in maximizing casualties on the trains (killing 191 people and injuring more than 1800), and immediate world over news coverage. Although, there are fair chances of coincidence, but an anti-war Socialist prime minister was elected in the following election who quickly withdrew Spain’s military forces from Iraq. [FN 9] Some parts of this Sections are taken from ”A Military Guide to Terrorism in 21st Century“ |
[FN 110]
[...] Terrorism is a psychological act that communicates through the medium of violence or the threat of violence. Terrorist strategies will be aimed at publicly causing damage to symbols or inspiring fear. Timing, location, and method of attacks accommodate media dissemination and ensure “newsworthiness” to maximize impact. A terrorist operation will often have the goal of manipulating popular perceptions, and will achieve this by controlling or dictating media coverage. This control need not be overt, as terrorists analyze and exploit the dynamics of major media outlets and the pressure of the “news cycle.”[FN 111] A terrorist attack that appears to follow this concept was the bombing of commuter trains in Madrid, Spain in March 2004. [...] One view is that Islamic terrorists who specifically planned to influence the political process in Spain conducted the attacks. They believed that the large percentage of the Spanish population opposed the war in Iraq and would feel that the current government was responsible for the bombings, and would therefore vote for the opposition. The attacks occurred during morning rush hour just three days prior to national elections. The timing facilitated maximum casualties on the trains (killing 191 people and injuring more than 1800), plus immediate news coverage throughout the world of the carnage resulting from this terrorist attack. Although it cannot definitively be linked to the bombings, an anti-war Socialist prime minister was elected who quickly withdrew Spain’s military forces from Iraq. [FN 110] Rohan Gunaratna, “Suicide Terrorism: a Global Threat,” Jane’s Intelligence Review (20 October 2000): 1-7; available from http://www.janes.com/security /international_security/ news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml; Internet; accessed 7 September 2002. [FN 111] Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 136-142. |
The footnote mentions the source (however without telling the version of the document, nor any bibliographical details). This is done in a way that makes not clear to the reader, what exactly is taken from the source. |
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