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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 42, Zeilen: 6-23, 27-29 |
Quelle: Bretherton und Vogler 2006 Seite(n): 4, 5, 12, 19, 20, (187), 215, Zeilen: 4:35-41; 5:9-11.14-16.24-27; 12:23-26; 19:5-9; 20:36-39; (187:1-2.5-9); 215:2-3 |
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| [2. The European Union as a global actor
“The EU is in itself a peace project and a supremely successful one ... Through the process of enlargement, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, through its development co-operation and its external assistance programmes the EU now seeks to project stability also beyond its own borders. (Commission 200k 5).”58] The end of the Cold War had great significance for the evolution of the EU as a global actor, mostly because of the new demands coming from Central and East European countries. As Bretherton and Vogler argue,59 bipolarity doubtless permitted, and economic globalization encouraged, the development of cooperation in Europe. However, the European Union as a political form is unique; its creation reflect [sic] a combination of external demands and opportunities, and political will and imagination on the part of its founders. It is a moving target under construction that can frustrate the best efforts of an analyst. The Treaty on European Union (TEU) which entered into force in 1993, have had undoubtedly importance for the development of the European Union as a global actor. At the same time, attempts were made to develop Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the newly created Union, and thus, give a political direction to external policy. In 1999 the Treaty of Amsterdam (TOA) provided the CFSP with a new position of High Representative, which was filled in by Mr. Javier Solana. Afterwards, in 2003, the Treaty of Nice strengthened the institutional structure of the CFSP by creating the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). Karen Smith identifies the following characteristics of the European Union in International relations: promotion of regional cooperation, human rights, democracy/good governance, conflict prevention and fight against international crime.60 [In order better to understand the EU’s commitment to act as a global actor, we should treat the whole political situation from the international perspective by that time. Many factors have forced the European Community (EC) to become an international political actor.] The end of the Cold War has emerged the European Union’s new role in challenging US hegemony. The EU had to compete with the US and Japan in high technology through the single market program and subsequently the Lisbon Strategy. 58 Bretherton Carlotte and Vogler John – The European Union as a Global Actor (Second Edition). London, 2006. p.189 59 Bretherton Carlotte and Vogler John – The European Union as a Global Actor (Second Edition). London, 2006. p.20 60 Bretherton Carlotte and Vogler John – The European Union as a Global Actor (Second Edition). London, 2006. p.12 |
[Seite 4]
While habits of cooperation were established among Member State foreign ministers, diplomats and officials, it was not until the end of the Cold War, followed by entry into force of the Treaty on European Union in 1993, that attempts were made to develop a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the newly created European Union, and thus to give overall political direction to external policy. The TEU undoubtedly had importance for the development of the Union’s roles as a global actor. [Seite 5] Disappointment with the functioning of the CFSP led to Treaty reform, most notably through the 1999 Treaty of Amsterdam (TOA). The TOA provided for a new position, of High Representative for the CFSP, which was filled by Javier Solana. [...] [...] Subsequently the 2003 Treaty of Nice strengthened the institutional structure of the CFSP and formalized arrangements that would give effect to the military and policing instruments of the ESDP. [...] [...] The end of the Cold War had great significance for the evolution of the EU as a global actor, most evidently in terms of the new and unprecedented demands emanating from Central and East European countries (CEEC), eight of which became Member States in 2004. [Seite 12] Similarly, Karen Smith focuses upon ‘what the EU actually does in international relations’ - which she identifies as promotion of regional cooperation, human rights, and democracy/good governance; conflict prevention and the fight against international crime (Smith 2003: 2 and passim). [Seite 19] Here a contemporary role for the EU emerges in maximizing the potential of Western European states in challenging US hegemony. Attempts by the Union to compete with the US and Japan in high technology, through the Single Market programme and subsequently the Lisbon Strategy, [may be portrayed in Wallerstein’s terms (1991: 55) as a struggle ‘to gain monopolistic edges that will guarantee the direction of flows of surplus ... clearly it must be of concern to Europe that she will come a poor second in the race’.8] [8 It is interesting to note that Wallerstein speculated in 1988 (when his 1991 essay was originally published) about the possibilities for and implications of ‘European unity’ through EC enlargement to the East. This, he concluded, would ‘breathe considerable new life into the existing capitalist world-economy’ (1991: 63).] [Seite 20] Bipolarity doubtless permitted, and economic globalization encouraged, the development of cooperation in Europe. However, the European Union as a political form is unique; its creation reflects a combination of external demands and opportunities, and political will and imagination on the part of its founders. [Seite 187] [8 The EU as a security community and military actor [...] The EU is in itself a peace project and a supremely successful one ... Through the process of enlargement, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, through its development co-operation and its external assistance programmes the EU now seeks to project stability also beyond its own borders. (Commission 2001c: 5)] [Seite 215] The European Union is a political system under construction — a moving target that can frustrate the best efforts of the analyst. |
Patchwork: bis auf zwei Sätze im letzten Absatz stammen auf dieser Seite alle Inhalte und weitgehend alle Formulierungen aus Bretherton und Vogler (2006), die zwar dreimal als Quelle angegeben werden, wobei Art und Umfang der Übernahmen aber ungekennzeichnet bleiben. Überschrift und das übernommene Zitat wurden nicht in die Zeilenzählung mit aufgenommen. |
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