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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 71, Zeilen: 1ff (entire page) |
Quelle: Ivy Backlund 2004 Seite(n): 79, 80, Zeilen: 79: 20 ff; 80: 21 ff |
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| [Traditionally, the term sex role is defined as “the psychological traits and the social responsibilities that individuals have] and feel are appropriate for them because they are male or female” (Pleck, 1977, p. 182). This definition emphasizes the two terms – masculine and feminine. Masculinity includes traits such as instrumental or task-oriented competence, assertiveness, self- protection, self-expansion, and a general orientation of self against the world. On the other hand, femininity involves such traits as expressiveness or relationship-oriented competence, as well as characteristics that include nurturance and concern for others, emphasis on relationships and the expression of feelings, and a general orientation of self within the world (Eccles, 1987; Parsons & Bales, 1955).
Critics of traditional views of development claim that the current theories are responsible for the dichotomy between males and females and limit individual’s options regarding identity. Within Gender Transcendence Theory, Pleck (1975) explains three stages of gender identity development. The first two stages are similar to Kohlberg’s (1966) Cognitive Development Model. However, stage 3 is the part where Transcendence Theory differs from the more traditional theories. Stage 3 happens when individuals face difficulty because the rules of behavior do not seem to make sense or because they begin to suspect that they have both expressive (feminine) and instrumental (masculine) abilities. At this point, individuals may “transcend” their understanding of the norms and expectations of gender to develop “psychological androgyny in accordance with their inner needs and temperaments” (Pleck, 1975, p. 172). Androgyny is connected to this idea of gender transcendence. Androgyny is more understandable by picturing a continuum with masculinity place [sic] toward on [sic] end, femininity toward the other end, and androgyny in the middle. An androgynous does not lose masculine traits or behaviors. Androgyny is a combination of the feminine and the [masculine.] |
[page 79]
In traditional views of development, the term sex role is defined as "the psychological traits and the social responsibilities that individuals have and feel are appropriate for them because they are male or female" (Pleck, 1977, p. 182). The emphasis here is on the two designations—masculine and feminine. Masculinity involves instrumental or task-oriented competence and includes such traits as assertiveness, self-expansion, self-protection, and a general orientation of self against the world. Femininity is viewed as expressive or relationship-oriented competence, with corresponding traits that include nurturance and concern for others, emphasis on relationships and the expression of feelings, and a general orientation of self within the world (Eccles, 1987; Parsons & Bales, 1955). Critics of traditional views of development believe that the prevailing theories perpetuate the dichotomy between males and females and limit individuals' options regarding identity. Gender transcendence theory responds to this criticism. Within transcendence theory, Pleck (1975) envisions a three-stage sequence of gender identity development. The first two stages resemble Kohlberg's (1966) cognitive development model. However, stage 3 represents the point where transcendence theory departs from the more traditional theories. Stage 3 occurs when individuals experience difficulty because the rules of behavior no longer seem to make sense or because they begin to suspect that they possess both expressive (feminine) and instrumental (masculine) abilities. At this point, individuals may "transcend" their understanding of the norms and expectations of gender to develop "psychological androgyny in accordance with their inner needs and temperaments" (Pleck, 1975, p. 172). [...] [page 80] Androgyny, which we discussed briefly in Chapter 1, is related to this notion of gender transcendence. Androgyny is more understandable if you envision a continuum with masculinity placed toward one end, femininity toward the other end, and androgyny in the middle. You don't lose masculine traits or behaviors if you are androgynous, or somehow become masculine if you move away from the feminine pole. Androgyny is an intermix of the feminine and the masculine. Eccles, J. S. (1987). Adolescence: Gateway to gender-role transcendence. In D. B. Carter (Ed.), Current conceptions of sex roles and sex typing (pp. 225-241). New York: Praeger. Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82-173). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Parsons, T., & Bales, R. (1955). Family, socialization, and interaction process. New York: Free Press. Pleck, J. H. (1975). Masculinity-femininity: Current and alternative paradigms. Sex Roles, 1, 161-178. Pleck, J. H. (1977). The psychology of sex roles: Traditional and new views. In L. A. Cater, A. F. Scott, & W. Martyna (Eds.), Women and men: Changing roles, relationships, and perceptions (pp. 181-199). New York: Praeger. |
The true source is not given. The references Pleck 1975, Pleck 1977, Eccles 1987, Parsons & Bales 1955, and Kohlberg 1966 are not listed in the references section. |
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