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| Untersuchte Arbeit: Seite: 7, Zeilen: 26-32 |
Quelle: Thompson et al 1999 Seite(n): 655, Zeilen: left col. 21-30 |
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| 1.5. Bivalves in marine environmental studies
The use of sentinel organisms to measure the levels of bioavailable contaminants has been established by various pollution monitoring programs (Goldberg et al. 1978; Phillips, 1980; Farrington et al. 1987; Walker and Livingstone, 1992; Claisse et al. 1992; Baumard et al. 1998 b, c; Tanabe, 2000). Mussels and to a lesser extent oysters, which are water-filtering bivalves, have been mainly employed (Farrington et al. 1983). Mussels have been shown to concentrate many organic contaminants by a factor of 10 above the ambient sea water levels and even higher than sediments, providing a direct representation of pollutant bioavailability (Bergen et al. 1993; Thompson et al. 1999). Baumard, P., Budzinski, H. and Garrigues, P. (1998b). PAHs in the Arcachon Bay: Origin and biomonitoring with caged organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 36, pp: 577-586. Baumard, P., Budzinski, H. and Garrigues, P. (1998c). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 17, pp: 765-776. Bergen, B. J., Nelson, W. G. and Pruell, R. J. (1993). Bioaccumulation of PCB congeners by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) deployed in New Bedford Harbour, Massachusetts. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 12, pp: 1671-1681. Claisse, D., Joanny, M. and Quintin, J. Y. (1992). Le reseau national d´observation de la qualite [sic] du milieu marin. Analusis, Vol. 20, pp: M19-M22. Farrington, J. W., Goldberg, E. D., Risebrough, R. W., Martin, J. M. and Bowen, V. T. (1983). US mussel watch 1976-1978: An overview of the trace metal, DDE, PCB, hydrocarbon, and artificial radionuclide data. Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 17, pp: 490-496. Goldberg, E. D., Bowen, V. T., Farrington, J. W., Harvey, G., Martin, J. H., Parker, P. L., Risebrough, R. W., Robertson, W., Scheneider, E. and Gamble, E. (1978). The mussel watch. Environmental Conservative, Vol. 5, pp: 101-125. Phillips, D. J. H. (1980). Quantitative aquatic biological indicators. Their use to monitor trace metal and organochlorine pollution. Applied Science Publishers, London, 488 p. Tanabe, S. (2000). Asian developing regions: persistent organic pollutants in the seas, In: Sheppard, C. R. C. (Ed.), Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation, Pergamon, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p: 447-462. Thompson, S., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P. and Narbonne, J. F. (1999). Comparison of PCB and DDT distribution between water column and sediment dwelling bivalves in Arcachon Bay, France. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp: 655-662. |
The use of sentinel organisms to measure the levels of bioavailable contaminants has been established by various pollution monitoring programs (Claisse et al., 1992; Baumard et al., 1998a,b). Mussels, and to a lesser extent oysters, which are water-filtering bivalves have been mainly employed (Farrington et al., 1983). Mussels have been shown to concentrate many organic contaminants by a factor of 10 above ambient sea water levels, providing a direct representation of pollutant bioavailability (Bergen et al., 1993).
Baumard, P., Budzinski, H. and Garrigues, P. (1998a) PAHs in the Arcachon Bay: Origin and biomonitoring with caged organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36, 577-586. Baumard, P., Budzinski, H. and Garrigues, P. (1998b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Toxicological [sic] Chemistry 17, 765-776. Bergen, B. J., Nelson, W. G. and Pruell, R. J. (1993) Bioaccumulation of PCB congeners by Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) deployed in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts.. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 12, 1671-1681. Claisse, D., Joanny, M. and Quintin, J. Y. (1992) Le réseau national d'observation de la qualité du milieu marin. Analusis 20, M19-M22. Farrington, J. W., Goldberg, E. D., Risebrough, R. W., Martin, J. M. and Bowen, V. T. (1983) US ``Mussel Watch 1976-1978: An overview of the trace-metal, DDE, PCB, hydrocarbon, and artificial radionuclide data. Environmental Science Technology 17, 490-496. |
Named among many the actual source is been given. Nevertheless nothing has been marked as a citation though most of the wording and the references are identical. |
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